Cylinder head for internal combustion engines, for the prevaporization of light fuel and for cracking of heavy oils



v. CRILLON 2.108.706 I Feb. 15, 1938.

CYLINDER HEAD FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, FOR THE PREVAPORIZATION OF LIGHT FUEL AND FOR CRACKING 0F HEAVY OILS Filed June 8, (1935 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 /Illlll l 16 17 g z 20 1a 19 15 1a i I I V. i

I M 1" 4 [6W 9 3. 01 4 19a 47 I 3 21.- I it 33 I I6 I Feb. 15, 1938. v c o 2,108,706

EBNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, F011 THE PREVAPQRIZATION OF LIGHT FUEL AND FOR CRACKING OF H EAVY OILS CYLINDER HEAD FOR INT Filed June 8, 1935 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Feb. 1-5, 1938. 2,108,706

N ENGINES, FOR THE PREVAPORIZATION CRACKING OF HEAVY oILs M. V. CRILLON CYLINDER HEAD FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTIO OF LIGHT FUEL AND F03 Filed June 8, 1935 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Patented Feb. 15, 1938 i UNITED STATES PATENT OFFlCE CYLINDER HEAD FOR INTERNAL COM- BUSTION ENGINES, FOR THE PREVAPOR- IZATION OF LIGHT FUEL AND FOR CRACKING OF HEAVY OILS Marcel Victor Crillon, Marseille, France Application Junes, 1935,Serial No. 25,652 In FranceSeptember 11, 1934 3 Claims. (Cl. 123-34) In the internal combustion engines working of construction according to the invention. In according to the cycle of Diesel, 01 the like, prefthe drawings: l erence is generally given to the solid injection Fig. 1 is a view in section on the line l--l of method" 1. e. the injection of the fuel in liquid Fig. 2; I state, which method of injection permits the'fuel Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing the cyl- 5 to be delivered under high pressure into the inder head mounted on an engine cylinder, the

atomizing injector of the engine. top portion of which only is shown;

Yet this mode of injection, though considered Fig. 2 is a section on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1; as the best one until now, does not permit the Fig. 2 is a section of .the cylinder head simiiar 0 obtaining, in the said kind of engine, of a speed to Fig. 2 but on a horizontal plane passing as rapid as that attained by explosion motors. through the manometric tube 5; This inferiority is .especialy due to the fact Fig. 3 is a front view of the regulating shutter;

that in high speed engines, with direct injection, Fig. 4 is a section on the line 4-4 of Fig. 3;

it is very difficult to control the rate of combus- Fig. 5 is a section on the line 5-5 of Fig. 2; tion of the fuel. I Fig. 5-- is a detail vlew of a' portion of the 15 To obtain as rapid and. complete combustion mechanism hereinafter referred to; as possible it becomes necessary to reduce the Fig. 6 is an enlarged detail front view of a period of injection and increase the pressure. part of the regulating shutter showing the loca- Owing to the resiliency of the pipes and fuel as tion of the heater switch device thereon;

2 well as the difliculty of obtaining very high pres- Fig. 7 is a cross section on the line 1-1 of sures, lead to the injection being made in the Figform of hammer blows. The column of liquid Fig. 8 is an end elevation of the control cam which leads to the injector must receive such a for the injector; strong impulse that it becomes a real shock Fig. 9 is a-side elevation of the same; and Moreover, the delayed combustion remaining Fig. 10 is a p sp View of the cam. 25 always the same, a very considerable advancing The body of the cylinder head I, made of a of the time of injection is necessary. The whole specialalloy retaining good mechanical qualities of the fuel being therefore injected at the 1110- at 500, possesses on its inner or combustion ment of ignition, a very high point of pressure chamber side, a central part Ia of conical shape is produced. v which connects tangentially with a spherical 30 The result of the above is that the engine does zone portion |b towards the periphery of the not run smoothly and requires a costly injection head. At the top of the central cone is the outpump system. let 2 of the injector valve 3 which is screwed The present invention has for an object to obin the opening provided at the center of the cyl- 5 viate all these drawbacks by devising a special inder head 1. On the outer side are provided cylinder head provided with a chamber for the the housings of the vaporizing chamber 4 and prevaporization and -for decomposition of heavy a thermostat 5. At the center a boss lc receives products by cracking. the base of the injector. At the periphery four This devicepermits the regulation of the feedattachment feet or claws 6 permit the whole of .40 ing ininternal combustion engines in accordthe cyl d r e d a cylinder to be secured to 40 ahce with the explosion cycle or the injection the crank casing y m n f u scr w threaded cycle. rods I. An ear piece 8 allows of the passage of Such method of feeding permits the control of the operating rod 9 of a rocket arm the combustion process, in an engine with direct The outer part H of the cylinder head s injection, owing to the fact that thedelayed comthe the cylinder head It bustion is practically annihilated and fuel burns sists essentially of shell in the form of half goimpilietelggiri gironortig rl9. 1 suitably deter 33m? Z EZ Ofiifi I i aZZ l Zy tEZ 33351 2 1 13:

ne ra e o njection.

- I cylinder head with the vaporizing chamber 4 and In this 15 posslble to obtam very high. connecting with a circular wall I! ending in a mean puksures and Very F smoqth running base l3. This latter portion closes the housing f engine l' wlth the best.thelnlic' for the thermostat 5 and permits of connecting,

e cencythe part to the body of the cylinder headi it The drawings appended, to which reference is has in addition a bored boss for the passage of f merely by way of exam le, a, form a shaft M which is controlled by the thermostat m 5. On the outer side of this counter part for the cylinder head, there are provided cooling fins or ribs l5 cast on the mass.

Above and concentrically to these two parts I and II are secured, by the four fixing rods 1, the covers IGand I! which form the cooling chamber Mix and insulated thermally from the outside by a double wall. 0n the inner cover I6 are provided two bosses II! for supporting the shaft ills of the regulating shutter IQ for the circulation of air. This latter is not shown in the assembled view Fig. 1 so as not to detract from the clearness. of the drawings but it is shown in detail in Figs. 3 and 4. On the external face of the second cover I! are provided two ears 2!) receiving the spindle 2| of the rocket arm ID. This cover also carries a base 22 at its .lower part which base directly receives the four nuts of the fixing rods 1 securing between it and the crank casing the whole of .the parts I, I5, I! and the cylinder. In these two covers is formed, at the front, the opening '15, for the admission of fresh air, which opening is closed by the regulating shutter l9 and at the rear are disposed slits Us for the exhaust of hot air (FigHZ I The vaporizing chamber 4, moulded in its housing between the body of the cylinder head I and the counter part II of the cylinder head, is provided with an inlet pipe 23 for the liquid fuel mixture and with a pipe 24 through which the vaporized fuel mixture is delivered to the in-' jector 3.

Finally the thermostat 5 consists of a manometric tube in the form of an arc of a circle the fixed end of which bears on the counter part II of the cylinder head, transmitting at 25 (Fig.

5) its displacements, due to variations in the temperature, by its free end 5a to a shaft M which re-transmits it amplified by means of a toothed sector 25 gearing with a small pinion,

wheel 21 mounted on a shaft Isa which carries the adjustable shutter l9 for aeration.

0n following the fuel mixture from where it leaves the pump feeding the cylinder head at the necessary pressure until the moment of its combustion in the cylinder the following facts will be observed.

The fuel enters in the liquid state through the inlet pipe 23 into the vaporizing chamber 4. There if it be a. fuel mixture having a criticalv temperature lower than the temperature of decomposition, it is raised to a temperature slightly above the critical temperature in order to obtain a superheated vapour compressed above its critical pressure. If the fuel mixture is a heavy product it is raised to a suitable temperature to obtain a cracking, with the minimum of coke deposit and with the pressure necessary for injection. The injected vapour is then formed of a mixture of light and heavy products and hydrogen.

These gases take along by insuiiiation the. uncracked liquid products. For this purpose, the temperature necessary to obtain a suitable proportion of light gases is regulated by the thermostat and the volume in, the vaporizing chamber 4 depends on the velocity of cracking at the temperature of the full work. Drops of the uncracked products, formed in this manner, are injected above the ignition temperature and become instantly ignited.

The injection is effected through the tube 24 diametrally opposite to the admission tube 23, and through the injector 3. The latter, equipped with the valve 2 controlled by the tilting lever Ill,

possesses a chamber sufliclently great for ac-- commodation therein of an electric heater 28 used for starting and for slow speed run or for a run at low load.

The current is established automatically in this resistance by the thermostat 5 when the temperature-of the cylinder head becomes insuflicient, as will be made clear by reference to Figs. 1, 6, and 7 of the drawings; and to the following:

As shown, the contactor which establishes current in the heater 28, upon the temperature in the cylinder head having become too low, is simply controlled by the closure of .the shutter l9 by the thermostat 5.. For this purpose an electric wire 34, insulated from the mass of the engine by a suitable insulation which will withstand high temperatures, enters the interior of the aerating shutter through'a hole provided in the axis of shaft IS... The end of this wire, which is not shown, is connected with the pole of one source of electric current. The other end is attached to a metallic thin blade 29. This blade 29 is secured on the body of the shutter l9 by a screw 30 which is electrically insulated from the spring blade ,29 by two mica washers 3|. The spring blade 29 carries one contact spot 32 and one .control lug 33. A second contact spot 35, insulated against the body of the shutter IS in the same manner as the screw 30, is fixed on thisshutter opposite the spot 32. This contact spot 35 is connected with the heater 28 by the return wire 34a. ,The return flow of the current is effected through the mass of the engine.

Current will, therefore, fiow when the shutter l9 closes and comes to rest against the body of the cylinder head, thereby obstructing the passage of air for cooling in the interior of the cooling chamber. The lug 33 is electrically insulated from the spring blade 29 and projects slightly beyond the surface of the shutter l9. It is'forced into the closed shutter I9, compressing the spring blade 29 until the contact spots 32 and 35 enter into engagement. Contact is then established, and the current passes into the heater. As soon as the shutter l9 opens to admit air, the spots 32 and 35 again move away from each other and the current is interrupted.

The thermostat is constructed in such manner that it regulates the temperature of the cylinder head in function of the cracking speeds adapted themselves to the varying consumptions of the engine.

The vaporization chamber 4 is easily exchangeable in case of being soiled by coke.

If there should be no source of electric energy available on the machine to be moved by the engine, gasoline may be used for starting readily, even at low atmospheric temperature. this purpose the engine is first fed with gasoline, and heavy oil is substituted as soon as the nec- 'essary temperature for continuing the feed of properly heated.

'I'he'control cam of the injection means has a variable profile. It is shown diagrammatically in Figs. 8 and 9. The tail end of the push rod.

9a is shifted by any suitable means along the For cam, so that it remains in contact with the contour which has been selected in accordance with the requirement to produce the desired injection.

The fuel mixture is injected into the combustion chamber in the form sheet projected onto the a manner that there is set up a whirling movement, the gaseous sheet then takes the form of a torus in which is scavenged and burnt the remains of the charge which, has been injected. Retarded ignition no longer exists. In fact, in the ordinary methods of injection, the delay in ignition is the addition of two' times: firstly, the time necessary for the vaporizing of the liquid on the surface of drlplets, then the time of penetration of the heat necessary for obtaining the temperature right to the center of this driplet. It is obviousthat these two causes of delay are cancelled when the fuel mixture isinjected in the form of vapour raised, before its injection, above the ignition temperature. It is necessary that this vapour should be a superheated vapour before its injection in order to avoid formation of driplets by reason cccurs at the moment of injection. It will be clear that the combustion curve is no longer produced haphazardly regardless of 'the possible plurality of cylinders,

condition of injection, but that it can be graphed in advance to obtain the qualities which it is desired to give to the motor.

As above stated, the fuel isiinjected in the form of a conical gaseous sheet and projected upon the cylinder head in such manner that whirling movements are produced.

The explanation of this movement will appear by reference to Fig. 1. In this figure it will be seen that the angle of the cone of the injector valve 2is the same as the angle of thecone at the inner face of the cylinder head i. The sheet of liquid which emanates from the injector opening, guided between the valve and its seat, will therefore have a conical shape with the same cone angle as that. of the valve and of the cylinder head. This liquid injected body of conical j sheet'form will maintain this shape unless an obstacle is presented to it. Now, where the cylinder head changes its shape at the point where in the drawings a. spherical zone. is shown, the

liquid body must adapt itself to thisshape and also must assume a curvature. This curvature induces a depression in the central portion, and the whirling movement is thereby retarded in conformity with the laws controlling the dynamics of liquids. f

The'same feeding system may be applied tovery rapid motors for aeronautic'purposes, as well as for the motor cars and also for the fixed industrial motors. In these fixedmotors it is possible to obtain combustion curves realizing the cycle of the best eillciency, bya suitable regulation of the injection time and injection.

It is obvious zation apply in an equally efllclent manner to all kinds of motors, for example to four stroke motors, to two stroke motors with opposite pistons, and so on. For the motors comprising a it is of course possible to provide cylinderhead's forming a, block feeding of the output of mg. bores of great diameter it is possible to multiply the umber of injectors in the same cylinder headgsnn such solutions are possible in endless variations while constituting. different of a conical gaseous cylinder head in such ofthe expansion which a cooling chamber,

that the same principles of realif for admission of cooling embodiments of one and the same idea forming the subject-matter of the present invention.

What I claim is:

1. In an internal combustion engine of high compression andcompression ignition, a cylinder head, a vaporizing chamber therein, an injector at the center of said head, a thermostat comprising a manometric tube in the shape of an arc of a circle, said cylinder head having an annular groove to receive said tube, a counter-head forming with said cylinder head a housing, a fuel vaporizing tube in said housing, a duct from said vaporizing tube to said injector, a curved surface on said counter, head to which one of the extremities of said manometric tube is attached, two covers on said cylinder head to form a cooling chamber between them and the upper surface of having openings I said counter head, said covers for admission of fresh air, and actuating means for said shutter to which means the' other extremity of said manometric tubeis attached to 2. In an internal combustion engine of high compression and compression ignition, a cylinder head, a vaporizing chamber therein, an injector at the center of said head, a thermostat comprising a manometric tube in the shape of an arc of a circle, said cylinder head having an annular groove to receive said tube, a counter head forming with said cylinder head a housing, a fuel vaporizing tube in said housing, a 'duct from said vaporizing tube to said injector, a curved surface on said counter head to which one of the extremities of said manometric tube is attached, two cov- 1 ers on said cylinder head to form ,a cooling chamber between them and the upper surface of said counter head, said covers having openings for admission of fresh air, actuating means for said shutter to which means the other extremity of said manometric tube is attached to secure the aeration of said cooling chamber according to the temperature prevailing at the summit of the combustion chamber, an electric heater. in said injector and means actuated automatically by Y the temperature ofthe cylinder head becomes insuflicient, for energizing said heater.

3. In an internal combustion engine of high compression and compression ignition, a cylinder head, a; removable counter cylinder head having cooling ribs, said cylinder heads each having opposing grooves, a housing constituting a vaporizing; chamber held in said grooves, means to admit'fuel to said vaporizing chamber, an injector valve device carried centrally by said cylinder head, a duct between said vaporizing chamber and said valve, a pair of covers spaced apart and mounted on said cylinder head so as to enclose said counter cylinder head, said covers being spaced from said counter cylinder head to provide air and having outlets for exhaust of hot air, a valve to control the inlet-air, a thermostat including a manometric tube located between a wall of said countercylinder head and a wall of said cylinder head, and

a connection between said tube and said valve for. operating the same to secure the aeration of said-icooling-chamber according to the temperature prevailing at the summit of the combustion chamber'and thereby regulate automatically the v decomposition of the fuel.

MARCEL VICTOR CRILIDN.

said covers having openings 

